- Author or those deriving their rights through the author (Exception – Work for Hire - a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his/her employment or a work specially ordered for certain uses if the parties expressly agreed in writing that the work shall be considered a work made for hire)
- Joint ownership – when there are two or more authors
- Collective work – ownership of a part of the work
Ownership of the medium, such as a book or painting, does not give the possessor the copyright to the original work.
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